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- <text id=93CT1647>
- <link 93HT0837>
- <link 89TT3370>
- <title>
- Chile--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- South America
- Chile
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Chile was settled in 1541 by Spanish explorers led by Pedro
- de Valdivia. Although the Spaniards did not find gold and
- silver, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's
- central valley, and Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of
- Peru. Chilean society was heavily influenced by its colonial
- past, including the latifundio system of large landholdings,
- kinship politics, the Roman Catholic Church, and an aggressive
- frontier attitude which stemmed from recent Indian wars.
- </p>
- <p> The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by
- the usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother
- Joseph. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand--heir to
- the deposed king--was formed on September 18, 1810. Spanish
- attempts to reimpose arbitrary rule during the "Reconquista" led
- to a prolonged struggle under Chile's most renowned patriot,
- Bernardo O'Higgins. Chilean independence was formally
- proclaimed on February 12, 1818.
- </p>
- <p> The political revolution, however, brought little social
- change, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence
- of the stratified colonial social structure. The system of
- presidential absolutism evolved gradually into one of
- congressional predominance, but the wealthy landowners continued
- to control Chile.
- </p>
- <p> Toward the end of the 19th century, Chile consolidated its
- position in the south by finally pacifying the Mapuche Indians
- and, in 1881, signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean
- sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. As a result of the
- War of the Pacific against Peru and Bolivia (1879-1883), Chile
- expanded its territory northward by almost one-third and
- acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which
- led to an era of national affluence.
- </p>
- <p> Although Chile established a representative democracy in the
- early 20th century, it soon became unstable and degenerated
- into a system protecting the interests of the ruling oligarchy.
- By the 1920s, the newly emergent middle- and working-classes
- were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, but his
- program was frustrated by a conservative Congress. Continuing
- political and economic instability resulted in the
- quasi-dictatorial rule of Gen. Carlos Ibanez (1924-32).
- </p>
- <p> When the constitutional procedures were restored in 1932, a
- strong middle-class party, the Radicals, formed. The Radical
- Party became the key force in coalition governments for the
- next 20 years. The 1920s saw the emergence of Marxist groups
- with strong popular roots. During the period of radical
- dominance (1932-52), the state increased its role in the
- economy. However, presidents generally were more conservative
- than the parties supporting them, and conservative political
- elements continued to exert considerable power through their
- influence over the economy and control of rural voters.
- </p>
- <p> The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo
- Frei by an absolute majority initiated a period of major
- reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty," the Frei
- administration--the first Christian Democratic government in
- Latin America--embarked on far-reaching social and economic
- programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian
- reform (including rural unionization of agricultural workers).
- By 1967, however, Frei was encountering increasing opposition
- from leftists who alleged his reforms were inadequate and from
- conservatives who found them excessive. At its term's end, the
- Frei administration had made noteworthy accomplishments but had
- not achieved the party's ambitious goals.
- </p>
- <p> The 1970 presidential election was won narrowly by Dr.
- Salvador Allende, a Marxist and member of Chile's Socialist
- Party, who headed the "Popular Unity" (UP) coalition o
- socialists, communists, radicals, and dissident Christian
- Democrats. His program included the takeover of many of Chile's
- private industries and banks, massive land expropriation and
- collectivization, and the nationalization of American interests
- in Chile's major copper mines.
- </p>
- <p> Elected with only 36% of the vote and by a plurality of
- 36,000 votes, Allende never enjoyed majority support in the
- Chilean congress or broadbased support for his policies. By
- 1973, most domestic production had declined, and severe
- shortages of consumer goods, food, and manufactured products
- were widespread. There were mass demonstrations against the
- government, recurring strikes, violence by both government
- supporters and opponents, and widespread rural unrest. Chilean
- society became polarized into two hostile camps.
- </p>
- <p> These factors, plus public censure of the Allende government
- by the Chilean Congress, judiciary, and comptroller general for
- many abuses--including violations of the constitution--brought about a military coup on September 11, 1973. The new
- military regime, led by General Augusto Pinochet, severely
- repressed perceived opponents, especially those it believed to
- be Marxist. The congress was abolished, and all political
- parties were banned. Thousands of Chileans were imprisoned and
- later released or expelled from the country. About 700 others
- disappeared after arrest by the security forces and are presumed
- dead.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> During its 16 years in power, the military moved Chile away
- from economic statism toward a largely free market economy,
- fostering an increase in domestic and foreign private
- investments. The government slowly reinstitutionalized
- political life after years of repression and permitted broad
- freedom of assembly, speech, and association, including trade
- union activity.
- </p>
- <p> General Pinochet was denied another 8-year-term as president
- in a national plebiscite on October 5, 1988. On December 14,
- 1989, Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, running as the
- candidate of a 17-party coalition, was elected president. In
- addition, 38 senators and 120 deputies were elected, and nine
- appointed senators were named in December. The new government
- and congress took office in March 1990. General Pinochet
- remained commander- in-chief of the army, as permitted in the
- 1980 constitution. The commander-in-chief of the air force and
- the director general of carabineros (police) were asked by
- President Aylwin to remain in their posts. Cabinet ministers
- are appointed by the president, and regional administrators of
- the larger cities (intendants), provincial governors, mayors,
- and rectors of the state universities are also appointed by the
- central government.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- September 1990.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-